Tag: rosrun

After you learned how to use a ROS package, you will learn how to create your own ROS package.

Create a Package

Creating a package is done by using the catkin environment as each ROS package is following the catkin format. First, you need to go to your catkin workspace which is called catkin_ws. Open a terminal and type:

cd ~/catkin_ws

Next, you need to enter the src directory which stores the source code of your own packages:

cd src

You can create a new ROS package with the following command:

catkin_create_pkg <package_name> <dependencie_1> <dependencie_2> <dependencie_3> <...>

Here, the <package_name> is the name of your package. Note that you can not simply change that name after you created it as you will need to modify the CMakeLists.txt file and the package.xml file. The <depenencies> are entries in the CMakeLists.txt and package.xml files that allow ROS to include some libraries that you can use. For Python programs, you need to add the dependency rospy and for C++ programs, you need to add roscpp. If you use libraries for navigation, sensor data collection or something else, you can also add these dependencies here.

For you package, you will simply add the rospy dependency and you can call the package my_turtlesim.

catkin_create_pkg my_turtlesim rospy

It is a convention to name packages with lower case names combined with an underscore. This notation is also called snake case.

Now, a new directory has been created containing a CMakeLists.txt file and the package.xml file and a folder called src. This folder is meant to contain the C++ source code. This is why many people and tutorials make a new directory for Python scripts called scripts. Therefore, type the following in your terminal:

cd ~/catkin_ws/src/my_turtlesim/
mkdir scripts

If you also have a robot model, configuration files or documentation to your package, you can create more folders and store the files in the correct folder.

Create a ROS Python Program

Now, you can create your first ROS program with Python. Enter the scripts directory with your terminal:

cd scripts

You need to create a new file with the file extension .py in order to have a Python file. You can create a new file and open it with your terminal with the following command:

gedit my_first_program.py

You will see that a new window will open on your screen with an empty text file. This is where you will write your first ROS program in Python.

Write the following code in your file and save the file:

#!/usr/bin/env python

import rospy

if __name__ == "__main__":
    rospy.init_node("my_first_node")
    rospy.loginfo("Hello World!")

Note: in order to use the ROS tools inside a Python script, you need to import rospy. Also, as every ROS program is running as a node, you need to declare a name for your node with the rospy.init_node(“my_first_node”) function. Each ROS node needs to have a name as otherwise the roscore doesn’t know which node is executing code. This means, one of the first things you want to do in your programs is to declare the name of the node.

Before you can run your program, you need to make the Python file executable, this means to give this file permissions from your system to be executed as a program. Usually, files only have the permission to be read as a file or to be modified. This is also known as read-write permission. To add the permission to execute the file, make sure you are in the scripts directory and type the following command in your terminal and press ENTER:

chmod +x my_first_program.py

Making Python files executable is required for each Python file you create but you only need to do this process once for each Python file. You can run your Python program with the following command:

rosrun my_turtlesim my_first_program.py

The terminal in which you started the Python program should output some text as you can see below:

Tip: you don’t need to type the entire command by yourself. If you start typing a word, you can double tap the TAB key on your keyboard to auto-complete the commands in your terminal.

Note: if your computer doesn’t show your ROS package, first make sure you actually have spelled the names correctly and that the package actually exists. Also, if the package is new, ROS might not know about it yet. Therefore, type the following to list all the packages on your system, after that, ROS should be able to auto-complete the name of your package as well:

rospack list

The above command will list all the installed ROS packages on your computer. As ROS is going through the entire system, it will probably find your package and add it to its known packages.

Create a launch file

You have already seen how to start a ROS program by using the rosrun command. The rosrun command allows you to start one single program at a time. In most cases, one single program will not be enough to get your robot up and running. In these cases, a launch file will make your life easier.

First, create a directory called launch to organize your package. Therefore, you must be inside your my_turtlesim folder.

cd ~/catkin_ws/src/my_turtlesim/
mkdir launch

Even though, there is no requirement to call this directory launch, it is a widely used convention. The best idea is, to stick to these conventions as they make life easier for you and your team.

Now, enter the new directory to create a new file. You can do this with your file browser or with the terminal:

cd launch

You can create a new file and open it with your terminal with the following command:

gedit turtlesim.launch

Now, a new window should open up. It shows an empty text file. The launch extension is actually a XML file type that is used to create and structure a launch file for ROS.

Type the following code into the launch file and save the file:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>

<launch>

    <node
        name="my_node"
        pkg="my_turtlesim"
        type="my_first_program"
        output="screen"/>

</launch>

Note: unlike Python programs, you do not need to make the launch file executable.

You can simply start it with the following command in a new terminal:

roslaunch my_turtlesim turtlesim.launch

The above command will give you the following result:

You can see that the roslaunch method of starting a program outputs much more in the terminal. This is because there is much more going on. At first, ROS will check if there is already a roscore running and if not, it will start the roscore. Next, it will start the programs that are listed in the launch file.

As you added the line output=”screen” to the launch file, it will print the output on the terminal, otherwise it would not show anything from the started programs.

You can now change the content of the launch file into the following code:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>

<launch>

    <node
        name="turtlesim_node"
        pkg="turtlesim"
        type="turtlesim_node"
        output="screen"/>

    <node
        name="draw_square"
        pkg="turtlesim"
        type="draw_square"
        output="screen"/>

</launch>

Save the file and launch it again with:

roslaunch my_turtlesim turtlesim.launch

You should now see that the turtlesim window is opening and the turtle is immediately starting to move in a square pattern. The launch file has now started two ROS programs at the same time. This makes many things much easier. On top of that, you do not need to first start the roscore as the launch file is already starting it for you.

Explanation of the Launch File

The launch file is written in XML syntax. This means you have tags that are indicating the type of content. The following tag tells your computer what type of file the launch file actually is:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>

The content of your launch file will then be written inside the launch tags:

<launch>

</launch>

Lastly, the node tags describe what ROS program you want to run. This is indicated with the following lines:

    <node
        name="turtlesim_node"
        pkg="turtlesim"
        type="turtlesim_node"
        output="screen"/>

Here, the syntax is as follows:

    <node
        name="<name_of_the_node>"
        pkg="<name_of_the_package>"
        type="name_of_the_program_file"
        output="screen"/>

In this context, the <name_of_the_node> refers to the name you used inside the rospy.init_node() statement. As you do not know the exact name of the turtlesim_node source file, you can just assume it has the same name as the program name. The <name_of_the_package> is the name of the ROS package that contains the wanted ROS program. The <name_of_the_program_file> is the name of the Python file with the .py extension or the name of the compiled C++ program which doesn’t have any extension in Linux.

The output=”screen” will make sure that all text will still be shown on the terminal. On a robot, you do not need this but for running programs on your computer with a screen, this is helpful to see what is happening. In case you create a launch file and you don’t see output in your terminal, check if this is missing.

With this, you have learned how to run and how to create ROS packages. Next, you will learn how to subscribe and publish to Topics.